Materials

Materials allow you to cover your meshes in color and texture and they need light to be seen. One material can be used to cover as many meshes as you wish.

Reactions to light

Whether the material is a color or a texture there are different ways it can react to light.

1. Diffuse - the basic color or texture of the material as viewed under a light;
2. Specular - the highlight given to the material by a light;
3. Emissive - the color or texture of the material as if self lit;
4. Ambient - the color or texture of the material lit by the environmental background lighting.

Diffuse and Specular material require a light source to be created.
Ambient color requires the ambient color of the scene to be set, giving the environmental background lighting.

scene.ambientColor = new BABYLON.Color3(1, 1, 1);

5. Transparency - the level that you can see through the material can be set and for images with transparent sections it can be used so that appropriate parts of the material are invisible. This requires an alpha property to be set.

Color

Create a material using

var myMaterial = new BABYLON.StandardMaterial("myMaterial", scene);

Set the material color using one, some or all of diffuseColor, specularColor, emissiveColor and ambientColor. Remember that ambientColor will only apply if the scene ambient color has been set.

var myMaterial = new BABYLON.StandardMaterial("myMaterial", scene);

myMaterial.diffuseColor = new BABYLON.Color3(1, 0, 1);
myMaterial.specularColor = new BABYLON.Color3(0.5, 0.6, 0.87);
myMaterial.emissiveColor = new BABYLON.Color3(1, 1, 1);
myMaterial.ambientColor = new BABYLON.Color3(0.23, 0.98, 0.53);

mesh.material = myMaterial;

Diffuse Color Example

To give an idea on how the material diffuse color reacts to the diffuse light color the following playground example shows how different color materials react to white, red, green and blue diffuse spot lights.

• Playground Example - Material Color Reaction to Light Color direct click or edit to view -

This reaction of

Yellow Material	Purple Material
Cyan Material	White Material

to white, red, green and blue diffuse spot lights can also be seen in the following image.

Ambient Color Example

In this playground example -

all spheres are lit by the same hemispheric light, with diffuse red and groundColor green. The first sphere has no ambient color, the middle has red ambient color defined on its material and the one on the right has material with green ambient color. The scene ambient color, which must be present, is white. When a scene ambient color component is set to 0, for example red, then whatever the value for red in the material ambient color it will have no effect.

Transparent Color Example

Transparency is achieved by setting a materials alpha property from 0 (invisible) to 1 (opaque).

myMaterial.alpha = 0.5;

• Playground Example Transparency -

Texture

Textures are formed using a saved image.

Create a material using

var myMaterial = new BABYLON.StandardMaterial("myMaterial", scene);

Set the material texture using one, some or all of diffuseTexture, specularTexture, emissiveTexture and ambientTexture. Notice that ambientTexture is applied without the scene ambient color having been set.

var myMaterial = new BABYLON.StandardMaterial("myMaterial", scene);

myMaterial.diffuseTexture = new BABYLON.Texture("PATH TO IMAGE", scene);
myMaterial.specularTexture = new BABYLON.Texture("PATH TO IMAGE", scene);
myMaterial.emissiveTexture = new BABYLON.Texture("PATH TO IMAGE", scene);
myMaterial.ambientTexture = new BABYLON.Texture("PATH TO IMAGE", scene);

mesh.material = myMaterial;

Note: When no normals are specified, Babylon's standard material will compute the normals.

Texture Example

In this playground example -

all spheres are lit by the same hemispheric light, with diffuse red and groundColor green. The first sphere has a diffuse texture, the middle an emissive texture and the one on the right has material with red diffuse color and an ambient texture.

Texture Packer

Some complex scenes will require a large amount of texturse. A single Material will often use three or more! To simplify the loading process it can be convenient to package the textures from multiple materials into a series of images. The trade-off will be that each texture will be scaled to a set size and might cause some desegregation, there are also WebGL limits to take into consideration as well. The packer will create a set of "frames" for each unique material and its required texture channels. The result produces one image for each channel that is used by the materials that are being packed. The process then modifies a target UV# from the meshes passed into the constructor, making them match the frame of the texture sets. The system assumes textures are 1:1 ratio (square).

Create a TexturePacker series by calling:

let pack = new BABYLON.TexturePacker(name, targetMeshes, options, scene);

There are some limitations that you should consider. These include texture size limits, transparencies, and refection/refraction materials. You can find more information on Creating a Texture Package -

• Playground Example Texture Packer -

Transparent Texture Examples

For colors, the transparency is achieved by setting a materials alpha property from 0 (invisible) to 1 (opaque).

myMaterial.alpha = 0.5;

• Playground Example Transparency -

In addition, the image used for the texture might already have a transparency setting, such as this picture of a dog from wikimedia commons, which has a transparent background;

In this case we set the hasAlpha property of the texture to true.

myMaterial.diffuseTexture.hasAlpha = true;

• Playground Example Transparent Background -

For the back faces of the cube to be visible through the transparent areas of the front faces we have to deal with back-face culling.

Back-Face Culling

This is a method for efficiently drawing the 2D rendering of the 3D model. Usually there is no need to draw the back face of a cube, or other object, as it will be hidden by the front face. In BabylonJS the default setting is, as you might expect, set to true. In most cases, this is helpful in maintaining the highest possible performance.

Looking at the images below, when the material property backFaceCulling is true you can see that the transparent areas around the dog are still transparent, you can see the background through them. However, you cannot see the images on the back faces as they have been culled (or removed). When backFaceCulling is false the back faces are not removed during rendering so they can be seen through the transparent areas of the front faces.

Back Face Culling True	Back Face Culling False

• Playground Example Back Face Culling True -

WireFrame

You can see a mesh in wireframe mode by using:

materialSphere1.wireframe = true;

Local File Access

An important thing to remember, is that for security reasons, web browsers like google chrome don't allow local files to be accessed by default for web pages. This includes any texture files you are using. There are a few ways to work around this in google chrome. The quick and dirty way is to close all instances of chrome, and open it in the terminal.

for windows, you go to the terminal and type,

start chrome --allow-file-access-from-files

for macOS, the command looks like this,

open -a "Google Chrome" --args --allow-file-access-from-files

and for linux, the command looks like this.

google-chrome --allow-file-access-from-files

Be warned that the above method may introduce a security risk if used for long term projects. For long term projects, you will want to set up an HTTP server to run any required files. Using a server has the benefit of working on any web browser.

Next step

Great, your scene is looking better than ever with those materials! Later we will see how to use advanced techniques with materials. But for now, we have to learn how to use cameras.

Further Reading

Materials Overview